Abstract

Obesity is one of the fifth major fatalities of death across the globe. It is essential not only the surplus fat level but also its distribution in the body that determines the health hazards connected with the disease. It leads to many non-communicable illnesses or acts as risk variables. Adolescent requires knowledge and attitude are evaluated as childhood obesity has been discovered to translate into adult obesity.

Children may create unhealthy dietary habits and eating disorders overweight, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, and maybe more probable to create depression and abuse of substances. The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of adolescents towards obesity in Buea.

In order to achieve this objective, a sample of 200 participants (secondary school students) was randomly selected using a structured questionnaire from two public schools. Collected data were analysed using SPSS 21.0, descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage distribution of variables was calculated.

The study revealed that adolescent school students have a good knowledge (53.3%) of obesity, its causes, symptoms and consequences of an individual been obese.  Adolescent also shows a slight significant positive attitude (94.5%) towards obesity as the majority consider been obese is an indication of poor health and consumption of unhealthy food items is not good for adolescents.

The study also revealed that, though adolescent has good knowledge and positive attitude towards obesity, their practised (34.2%) toward obesity was actually low. Promoting physical activity should be given more attention, and it should be recognized as a fundamental component of public health work was the major recommendation for this study.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Obesity can be seen as the first wave of a defined cluster of non-communicable diseases called “New World Syndrome,” creating an enormous socio-economic and public health burden in poor countries. The World Health Organization has described obesity as one of the contemporary worlds most neglected public health problems, affecting every region of the globe. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.

Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass and is associated with an increased risk of a number of health conditions (Ministry of Health, 2013). Obesity is a serious health problem and its prevalence has increased dramatically over the past 20 years.

Today it is estimated that over 250 million people in low and middle-income countries suffer from obesity. Globally more than one billion people are overweight and of these, 300 million are obese (Mandowara, 1986). Obesity has more than doubled worldwide since 1980.

In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these, over 600 million were obese; 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2014 and 13% were obese. Most of the world’s population lives in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight or starvation.

Forty-two million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2013 (WHO, 2015). “Although not all overweight infants become obese children, and not all overweight children become obese adults, there is a greater likelihood that obesity that begins in early childhood will persist throughout the life span” (Huffman et al., 2010).

A number of studies revealed that childhood obesity becomes an epidemic and grave public health concern by promoting a number of chronic diseases (Bridger, 2009; Cameron et al., 2006; Akhtar-Danesh et al., 2011; He, 2007). The WHO classifies about 400 million people around the world as obese (WHO, 2013). Obesity is the fifth leading cause of deaths all over the world. Nearly 3 million adults die each year as a direct or indirect result of obesity (WHO, 2013) Cameroon is becoming a growing concern.

Adolescence is the period of crucial growth. During this phase physical changes including growth, the onset of menarche for the girls, and an increase in fat and muscle mass takes place. This contributes to obesity. Adolescent obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood.

In Africa among adolescents increased consumption of more energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods with high levels of sugar and saturated fats, and combined with reduced physical activity (due to increased use of automated transport, technology in the home) account for obesity. Leisure pursuits are suspected as major contributors to rising levels of obesity (WHO, 2009).

Obesity may be caused by a number of social, cultural, behavioural, physiological metabolic and genetic factors that are beyond the person’s control. Symptoms of obesity usually show up in the form of breathing trouble, excess accumulation of fat, insulin resistance increase in size or number of fat cells that result in blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels (Pollock, 2009).

According to 1999-2000 US National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), ten per cent of 2-5 Years old and adolescents of 16-19 years old in the US were overweight. The prevalence of overweight and obese children has risen dramatically and at alarming rates in the past few decades in developing countries (Pearson, 2015).

Adolescents are a period of a crucial phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood, ranging in age from 10 to 19 years. It represents a period of critical transition in life and is characterized by a significant rate of growth and change. The biological determinants of adolescence are universal.

They have been many changes over the last century during this period, including earlier on puberty, later marriages, urbanization, global communication and changes in attitudes and behaviours (WHO, 2017). Overweight and obesity, once considered as specific problems in high-income countries, are now on the rise in low- and middle- income countries, especially in urban areas. The prevalence of obesity is increasing in all countries of the world.

 It concerns not only adults but also children and adolescents. Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide due to the consequences in terms of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 has increased dramatically from barely 4% in 1975 to just over 18% in 2016 (WHO,2O17).

In Africa, the number of obese children has increased by nearly 50% since 2000. More than 340 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 were obese in 2016 (WHO, 2017). In Cameroon, the prevalence rate of overweight among adults was 29.5% and the prevalence rate of obesity was 9.6% in 2016.

Adolescence is a sensitive transitive transition period in which emerging life choices will have a lasting influence on the health of adulthood. It, therefore, deserves special attention in a policy to prevent health risks linked to obesity. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of adolescents regarding obesity in some selected secondary schools in Buea.

1.2 Problem Statement

 From the above, one can observe that obesity cut across all age groups and it’s of major public health importance in Cameroon. The type of food people eats and their feeding habit plays a major role in the development of obesity. The researcher predicts that adolescents in Cameroon have little knowledge of obesity, its causes, control and its socio-economic impacts on the population.

Knowledge of obesity and its predisposing factors could go a long way to controlling obesity in the general population. There is therefore a need to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of the population in order to put in place suitable public health policy to prevent or to control obesity. Adolescence is an age in which both girls and boys undergo major physiological changes and some habits developed at adolescent age can easily be carried over to adulthood.

In this study, we are proposing to undertake a KAP study of obesity in the adolescent population taking the case of Buea as a sample. The results of this study could help put in place at the level of the schools and community education programs to curb down the prevalence of obesity in the study population.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objectives

The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice of adolescents towards obesity in Buea.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

1. To assess the knowledge of adolescents of obesity among secondary schools’ students in Buea.
2. To assess the attitude of adolescents of obesity among secondary school’s students in Buea.

1.4 Research Question

1. What knowledge do adolescents secondary schools students have about obesity in Buea?
2. What attitudes do adolescents in secondary school have about obesity in Buea?
3. What practised do adolescent students in secondary schools have about obesity in Buea?